法律中的想象/谢可训

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-10 14:45:53   浏览:8550   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载
  法学是一门应用之学,强调证据事实,崇尚客观理性,不像文学可以天马行空任意驰骋。那么法律中也需要想象吗?爱因斯坦说过:“想象力比知识更重要。”的确,想象并非文学的专利,法律的运行之中亦有想象作为的空间。

法学家离不开想象。离开想象,法学家无疑像画地为牢闭门造车。法学研究当然需要严谨务实的学问家,但也少不了敢于“大胆假设”的创新思想家——法律本身不就是一种建立在“坏人假设”基础上的制度设计吗?而只有在想象的沃土中假设才能萌芽和生成。正是理想国、乌托邦、利维坦之类头脑想象的产物,为人类社会勾勒了不同的发展前景,如同灯塔为我们指引航向,也提醒我们避开暗礁险滩。法学研究旨在为制度设计提供更多更好的备选方案,这就要求法学家眼阔心空不拘一格,善于从哲学、政治学、经济学、社会学和文学等多学科中汲取营养,借鉴古今中外一切成熟的制度经验。理论创新意味着解放思想,解放思想才能释放生产力。思想可以比大海和天空更辽阔,法学家也大可神游八方思接千载,采撷精华为我所用。法学以人和社会为研究对象,只要人性和社会关系中还存在有待探索的未知领域,法学研究就离不开想象之光的探照。

立法者离不开想象。离开想象,立法者难免会纸上谈兵不得要领。立法者肩负的是以言兴邦的重任,绘制的是富国强民的蓝图,怎能没有“观乎人文,以化成天下”的胸襟眼界?凡人皆受具体时空环境的制约,“为生民立命,为万世开太平”的立法者却须属意天下千秋。诗人雪莱说过:“理性重万物之异,想象重万物之同。”立法者既要有深刻的理性来辨析同中之异,也要靠丰富的想象去把握异中之同。只有富于理性,立法者才能洞幽烛微,明辨真假是非善恶美丑,在“相同事物同等对待,不同事物区别对待”的基础上创设一种正义的社会秩序。只有富于想象,立法者才能推方寸之心及于他人,感民生疾苦如同身受,视众生平等,觉万物有情,在通民心达民意的基础上构建四海一家的大同社会。只有饱含了理性和想象的法律,才是有血有肉有生命有性灵的活法良法,而非枯燥冰冷空洞的纸上条文!

司法工作者也离不开想象。离开想象,司法工作者势必将沦为目光短浅之平庸法匠。法官既不是投进事实就吐出法律的自动售货机,律师也不是将案件与法条作简单连接的智能机器人。法律解释是身为“缝隙立法者”的法官驰骋想象力的场域,法律的不确定性也正是律师的力量之所在。要实现千变万化的案件事实与浩如烟海的法律条文之间的有机对接,想象力贫乏的头脑恐难胜任。现实不是比虚构更不可思议吗?更何况,曾经的“客观真实”已渺不可追,可接受的次优选择只能是基于证据的“法律真实”。拼接证据碎片以还原事实真相,即由已知推导未知,这能不依赖丰富的想象作为其中间环节吗?

想象提升法律的品格和境界。求真务实固然是法律的品格,但正如所有崇尚真善美的艺术一样,法律既源于现实生活,也高于现实生活。法律之崇高在于其中蕴含的价值理念。正因承载着秩序自由公平正义等人类的普适价值,法律才为世人景仰和遵从。也正是这些产生于高贵头脑之中的美好信念,激励着一代代法律人献身法治无怨无悔。法律是一只摆渡的船,张开理性与激情的风帆,在现实之此岸与理想之彼岸间往返行进,普度芸芸众生。法律是一棵参天的树,怀着成长壮大的世纪新梦,扎根大地而戟指苍穹,一心向上再向上,不断接近真善美。

法律是理想和现实的综合体,凭借想象之媒介,法律大厦的构建才能兼顾空间上的广度、时间上的跨度及精神上的高度,以准确反映和体现人民的公意与民族的精神,并寄托法治昌明民族复兴的宏大理想。进而,把理想照进现实,以理想提升现实!

(作者系上海政法学院副教授)
下载地址: 点击此处下载

徐州市城区禁止燃放烟花爆竹规定

江苏省徐州市人民政府


徐州市人民政府令
 
第14号



  《徐州市城区禁止燃放烟花爆竹规定》已经一九九四年十二月五日市人民政府第六十二次常务会议通过,现予发布,自一九九五年九月一日起施行。

                            
市长 王希龙
                         
一九九五年六月二十日


           徐州市城区禁止燃放烟花爆竹规定



  第一条 为保障公共财产和公民人身财产安全,防止环境污染,维护社会秩序,根据有关法律、法规,结合本市实际情况,制定本规定。


  第二条 本规定所称烟花爆竹是指能产生烟火、声光的各种烟花、鞭炮、礼花弹及电子模拟爆竹等。


  第三条 凡在本市云龙区、鼓楼区、泉山区、矿区、贾汪区所辖行政区域内的单位和个人,均须遵守本规定。


  第四条 本市三环路以内地区(与建城区不相连接的独立村庄除外)和贾汪区城区禁止任何单位和个人燃放烟花爆竹。
  贾汪区城区禁止燃放烟花爆竹的范围,由贾汪区人民政府划定。


  第五条 三环路以内地区和贾汪区城区范围内,除允许在与城区不相连接的独立村庄以零售方式销售烟花爆竹外,禁止任何单位和个人生产、储存、运输、销售烟花爆竹。


  第六条 禁止携带烟花爆竹出入旅馆、饭店、影剧院等公共场所和乘坐公共交通工具。


  第七条 本规定由各区人民政府组织实施。
  本市公安机关是禁止燃放工作的主管机关,具体负责本规定在辖区内的实施。
  市容、城建、工商、环保、交通、商业、供销、教育等部门,应当按照各自的职责,配合公安机关做好禁止燃放烟花爆竹工作。


  第八条 区人民政府、街道办事处、居民委员会、各机关、团体、企事业单位以及新闻、宣传单位,应当广泛开展禁止燃放烟花爆竹的宣传教育工作。
  学校教师和家长有义务对青少年进行禁止燃放烟花爆竹的教育。


  第九条 违反本规定,有下列行为之一的,由当地公安机关按下列规定予以处罚:
  (一)单位燃放烟花爆竹的,处以500元至3000元罚款,并处单位责任人300元至1000元罚款;
  (二)个人燃放烟花爆竹的,处以100元至500元罚款;
  (三)违反本规定生产、运输、储存、销售烟花爆竹的,除没收全部烟花爆竹和非法所得外,并处以1000元至10000元罚款;
  (四)携带烟花爆竹出入旅馆、饭店、影剧院等公共场所和乘坐公共交通工具的,除没收全部烟花爆竹外,可以并处100元至300元罚款。


  第十条 公安机关收缴罚款、没收烟花爆竹和非法所得应当出具罚没收据。
  罚没款应当按规定上缴财政,没收的烟花爆竹由公安机关统一处理。


  第十一条 对违反本规定情节严重的直接责任人,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》予以处罚;造成财产损失或人身伤害的,依法承担经济赔偿责任;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。


  第十二条 对无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的罚款、责令赔偿损失,由其监护人依法承担。


  第十三条 当事人对公安机关的行政处罚不服的,可以依照《行政复议条例》和《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》的规定,依法申请复议或提起诉讼。


  第十四条 任何单位和个人均有权对违反本规定的行为检举、揭发,经公安机关查证属实的,由公安机关给予举报人适当奖励。


  第十五条 逢国家重大庆典、本市重要活动需要燃放礼花弹的,经市人民政府批准后统一组织燃放,并由公安机关监督执行。


  第十六条 本规定由市公安局负责解释。


  第十七条 本规定自一九九五年九月一日起施行。

中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)

对外贸易经济合作部 国家工商局


中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)

1988年1月1日,外经贸部、国家工商局

第一条 为保护中外合资经营企业(以下简称合营企业)合营各方的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序,根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》及其他有关法规,制定本规定。
第二条 合营各方按照合营合同的规定向合营企业认缴的出资,必须是合营者自己所有的现金,自己所有并且未设立任何担保物权的实物、工业产权、专有技术等。
凡是以实物、工业产权、专有技术作价出资的,出资者应当出具拥有所有权和处置权的有效证明。
第三条 合营企业任何一方不得用以合营企业名义取得的贷款、租赁的设备或者其他财产以及合营者以外的他人财产作为自己的出资,也不得以合营企业的财产和权益或者合营他方的财产和权益为其出资担保。
第四条 合营各方应当在合营合同中订明出资期限,并且应当按照合营合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资。合营企业依照有关规定发给的出资证明书应当报送原审批机关和工商行政管理机关备案。
合营合同中规定一次缴清出资的,合营各方应当从营业执照签发之日起六个月内缴清。
合营合同中规定分期缴付出资的,合营各方第一期出资,不得低于各自认缴出资额的15%,并且应当在营业执照签发之日起三个月内缴清。
第五条 合营各方未能在第四条规定的期限内缴付出资的,视同合营企业自动解散,合营企业批准证书自动失效。合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,由工商行政管理机关吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第六条 合营各方缴付第一期出资后,超过合营合同规定的其他任何一期出资期限三个月,仍未出资或者出资不足时,工商行政管理机关应当会同原审批机关发出通知,要求合营各方在一个月内缴请出资。
未按照前款规定的通知期限缴清出资的,原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照、并清理债权债务;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第七条 合营一方未按照合营合同的规定如期缴付或者缴清其出资的,即■或违约。守约方应当催告违约方在一个月内缴付或者缴清出资,逾期仍未缴付或者缴清的,视同违约方放弃在合营合同中的一切权利,自动退出合营企业。守约方应当在逾期后一个月内,向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者承担违约方在合营合同中的权利和义务。守约方可以依法要求违约方赔偿因未缴付或者缴清出资造成的经济损失。
前款违约方已经按照合营合同规定缴付部分出资的,由合营企业对该出资进行清理。
守约方未按照第一款规定向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者的,审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第八条 本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业,如合营各方或者任何一方未按照合营合同规定的出资期限缴付其出资的,应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内缴清按照合同规定应当缴付的出资。
在前款规定的期限内仍未缴清其出资的,可按照本规定第五条至第七条的规定办理。
第九条 在本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业,如果合营各方未在合营合同中订明各自出资期限,并且未缴清出资的,合营各方应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内,按照本规定签订关于合营各方缴付出资期限的合营合同补充协议,报原审批机关审批,获准后,向工商行政管理机关备案。
前款合营各方在两个月内未签订缴付出资期限补充协议,又未缴清出资,致使合营企业自营业执照签发之日起无法筹建或者无法开业满六个月的,原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后,合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续,缴销营业执照;不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的,工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照,并予以公告。
第十条 中外合作经营企业合作各方的出资参照本规定执行。
第十一条 本规定自一九八八年三月一日起施行。

Provisions for the Contribution of Capital by Parties to JointVentures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment

(Approved by State Council on December 30, 1987 Promulgated byMinistry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade and State Administrationof Industry and Commerce)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
In accordance with The Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint
Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment and other relevant laws and
regulations, these Provisions are hereby formulated in order to protect
the legitimate rights and interests of parties to joint ventures using
Chinese and foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as joint venture)
and safeguard social economic order
Article 2
Capital put up for the joint venture shall, according to the
provisions of the joint venture contracts, be cash owned by the joint
venture partners, or contributions made in kind which have not been used
as security for guarantee purposes, industrial property and patent
technology.
In case of making contribution in kind or using industrial property
and patented technology as capital, the joint venture partners shall
provide proofs showing their ownership and right of disposition.
Article 3
No joint venture partner shall use loans, leasehold equipment and
other property obtained in the name of the joint venture as its investment
to the joint venture. No joint venture partner is allowed to use property
and equity of the joint venture or property and equity belonged to another
joint venture partner as guarantee for the capital it put up for the joint
venture.
Article 4
Joint venture partners shall agree in the joint venture contract a
time schedule that each partner should follow in putting up their capital
for the joint venture. In accordance with the relevant regulations, the
joint venture shall issue the contribution certificates to the joint
venture partners and the certificates shall be submitted to the original
examination and approval authority and the administration of industry and
commerce for the record.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in one single installment, all partners to the joint
venture shall do so within six months upon the issuance of the joint
venture's business license.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in several separate installments, the first
installment from each joint venture partner shall not be less than 15% of
their respective agreed amounts of contribution. All joint venture
partners shall put up their required amounts of capital for the first
installment within three months upon issuance of the joint venture's
business license.
Article 5
If all partners to a joint venture have failed to put up their
required amounts of capital according to the time schedule stipulated in
Article 4, the joint venture shall be considered as dissolved voluntarily.
The joint venture's approval certificate shall automatically become
invalid. The joint venture should go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 6
After the first installment, in case all joint venture partners to a
joint venture have failed, either in part or in full, to put up their
required amounts of capital in a period as long as three months after the
time schedule stipulated in the joint venture contract, the administration
of industry and commerce shall, together with the original examination and
approval authority, issue a notice requiring all the joint venture
partners to put up their capital contributions within one month.
If the parties concerned still fail to put up the required amount of
capital after the time period stipulated in the notice mentioned in the
above paragraph, the original examination and approval authority shall
have the right to revoke the joint venture's approval certificate. After
the revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. The joint
venture shall also settle its credits and debts. The administration of
industry and commerce shall have the right to revoke the business license
of a joint venture and make public announcement to that effect if the
joint venture has failed to go through the formalities for nullifying the
registration and hand in its business license for cancellation as
required.
Article 7
A joint venture partner will be considered "breaching the contract"
if it has failed to put up or contribute fully its required capitals
according to the agreed time schedule in the joint venture contract. The
other joint venture partner(s) which has fulfilled the contribution
obligation shall then inform and urge the breaching party to fulfill its
obligation within an one-month period. If the breaching party still fails
to fulfill the capital contribution obligations, the breaching party will
be considered "voluntarily withdrawing" from the joint venture and
"voluntarily surrendering" all its rights to the joint venture. The
abiding party shall then apply to the original examination and approval
authority to either dissolve the joint venture or to look for another
joint venture partner to undertake the obligations and rights of the
breaching party as provided in the original joint venture contract. The
abiding party shall have the right to make claim for compensation as a
result of the breaching party's failure to fulfill its capital
contribution obligations.
The partial contribution made by the breaching party according to the
joint venture contract shall be settled or liquidated by the joint
venture.
In case the abiding party has failed to apply according to the first
paragraph of Article 7 to the original examination and approval authority
for dissolving the joint venture or to look for a new joint venture
partner, the original examination and approval authority shall have the
right to revoke the approval certificate of the joint venture. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 8
Joint venture partners (all or an individual party) of any joint
venture which has obtained its business license prior to the
implementation of the present set of Provisions are required to fulfill
their capital contribution obligations within a two-month period starting
from the date of implementation of the present set of Provisions if they
have not done so as required in the time schedule agreed in the joint
venture contract.
If a joint venture partner has not fulfilled its capital contribution
obligations as required in the above paragraph, provisions contained in
Article 5, Article 6 and Article 7 of the present set of Provisions shall
apply.
Article 9
Joint venture partners of any joint venture which has obtained its
business license prior to the implementation of the present set of
Provisions shall sign an additional agreement specifying the time limit
for capital contribution according to requirements of the present set of
Provisions within a two-month period starting from the date of
implementation of the present set of Provisions if the original joint
venture contract does not contain an item to that effect and they have not
put up the required amounts of capital accordingly. The additional
agreement shall be submitted to the original examination and approval
authority for approval. If approval is granted, the additional agreement
shall be submitted to the administration of industry and commerce for the
record.
The original examination and approval authority shall have the right
to revoke a joint venture approval certificate in case the joint venture
partners have failed to sign an additional agreement and put up the
required amounts of contribution within the two-month period as mentioned
in the above paragraph and their failure has caused a delay in
construction or operation of the joint venture for as long as six months
starting from the date of issuance of its business license. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 10
Matters concerning the contribution of capital by parties to
Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures shall be handled with reference
to the present set of Provisions.
Article 11
The present set of Provisions shall enter into force on March 1,
1988.